Introduction to the lab report on controlling barley powdery mildew Essay

Introduction to the lab report on controlling barley powdery mildew - Essay Example Cultural methods of control: Cultural methods of control of powdery mildew aim to ensure the eradication of inoculums from volunteer cereals and crop debris by disposing them and ensuring the removal of suitable conditions for disease development. Thus volunteer cereals which carry the inoculums through winter are uprooted and removed, and the cleistothecia inhabiting the crop residue too is eradicated by disposing off the crop residue. Other cultural practices used for control of powdery mildew in barley are application of larger quantities of nitrogen fertilizers, crop rotation and late sowing of the crop (Brooks, 1970). Chemical Control: Chemical agents used for control of powdery mildew in barley include azole fungicides and morpholine based fungicides. Systemic treatment of seed with azole fungicide was able to control the disease development on the saplings for a few weeks. Later if the disease appeared the same was applied on the leaves. However, with years of usage the E. gra minis has developed tolerance for this fungicide, thereby limiting their use and efficiency (Brown, 2002). Morpholine based fungicides are now used for chemical control of powdery mildew. ... The first pathway involves resistance imparted by recessive alleles at Mlo locus. It further requires two more host genes namely, Ror1 and Ror2 (Buschages et al., 1997). The resistance resulting as a consequence of this pathway is able to protect barley plant from all powdery mildew strains tested as yet. The other pathway involves collaborative action of multiple race specific resistance genes collectively known as R gene e.g. Mla, Mlg, Mlk etc (Jorgensen, 1994). Resistance imparted by the Mlo locus: Durable resistance The term durable resistance is indicative of the fact that resistance acquired by the plant is and will remain effective against all known and yet to appear varieties of the pathogen. This is the significance of the Mlo allele and the disease resistance imparted by it. Moreover the Mlo mutant allele renders the barley plant resistant exclusively to powdery mildew pathogen and has no effect on the activity of any other disease causing organism. Wild type Mlo allele enc odes a cell membrane receptor protein (Mlo protein) and is the dominant allele. It is the recessive and non functional allele which is responsible for powdery mildew resistance (Buschages et al., 1997). It has been reported that Mlo protein is imperative for the successful colonization of the pathogen in absence of which the fungal spores are unable to penetrate the epidermal cell layer of the host (Buschages et al., 1997). This is unlike the mechanism of resistance development by most resistant imparting genes, i.e. hypersensitivity (Shirasu and Schulze-Lefert, 2000). The first mutant at Mlo locus was introduced in 1942 the mutation caused by application of X-rays, and ever since improvements have been continuously done with

Attend the Metropolitan Museum of Art and select one Italian Research Paper

Attend the Metropolitan Museum of Art and select one Italian Renaissance and one Northern Renaissance piece of art - Research Paper Example The above painting was done by Duccio di Buoninsegna, a renaissance Italian artist. The painting shows an intensely personal touch done by the artist, Duccio, on the masterpiece entitled â€Å"the Madonna and Child†. The painting was done in tempera and gold on wood. The title of the painting is Stroganoff Madonna. The painting was bought by the Metropolitan Museum for an estimated $45 million. This is one of the main masterpiece attractions of the Metropolitan Museum. The painting was bought during November 2004 from a Christie’s auction sale held in London. The painting was done by the Italian Sienese Renaissance artist, Duccio di Buoninsegna. The painting is done on Tempera and Gold on wood with its original frame still intact. In addition, Duccio is one of the two originators of the Western European Paintings. This is one of the rare solo paintings of the Italian artist. This is one of the complete and independent works of the artist. The painting above shows tellta le signs of the artist’s intensely personal painting style grounded on the Italian Renaissance trademarks of proportion, anatomy, and perspective. His masterpieces are filled with life fused with Byzantine culture. The painting is endowed with the Franciscan movement’s religious trimmings. ... Giotto was an immediate fan of Giotto’s painting style. The Giotto fresco of Saint Francis was grounded on Byzantine and medieval culture. In response, Duccio created his own art culture. The new culture is known as the Renaissance. Duccio’s Renaissance painting style focused on human sentiment, emotional response, lyricism, as well as color sensitivity. This is very evident in the above painting, Stroganoff Madonna and Child. The painting was intended for private devotion; the small panel shows that it was meant for private viewing. Northern Renaissance Painting (Metropolitan Museum) The wood cut entitled â€Å"Rhinoceros† is one of the Northern Renaissance painting displayed in the Metropolitan Museum. The masterpiece was done by the renaissance artist, Albrecht Durer. The masterpiece was done during in 1515. The picture shows an Indian Rhinoceros. Durer painted the masterpiece based on his won written description as well as the discussion of another artist. Th e Rhinoceros By Albrecht Durer In terms of the above picture, the Rhinoceros is a wood cut art masterpiece; it is distinctly displayed in the Metropolitan Museum. The wood cut was created by Albrecht Durer to celebrate the arrival in Lisbon of the Indian Rhinoceros animal on 20 May 1515. The wood cut vividly incorporates the proportion, anatomy, and perspective essences of Northern Italian renaissance art, incorporated from the Italian masters when Albrecht Durer visited and studied the uniqueness and personal intensity of the Italian renaissance artists. Further, the painting is based on the rhinoceros story. The ruler of Gujarat, Sultan Muzafar II (1511 -1526) gave the rhinoceros to the